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1.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 80(4): 344-352, Apr. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1374468

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Transcranial Doppler has been tested in the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics as a non-invasive assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP), but there is controversy in the literature about its actual benefit and usefulness in this situation. Objective: To investigate cerebral blood flow assessed by Doppler technique and correlate with the variations of the ICP in the acute phase of intracranial hypertension in an animal model. Methods: An experimental animal model of intracranial hypertension was used. The experiment consisted of two groups of animals in which intracranial balloons were implanted and inflated with 4 mL (A) and 7 mL (B) for controlled simulation of different volumes of hematoma. The values of ICP and Doppler parameters (systolic [FVs], diastolic [FVd], and mean [FVm] cerebral blood flow velocities and pulsatility index [PI]) were collected during the entire procedure (before and during hematoma simulations and venous hypertonic saline infusion intervention). Comparisons between Doppler parameters and ICP monitoring were performed. Results: Twenty pigs were studied, 10 in group A and 10 in group B. A significant correlation between PI and ICP was obtained, especially shortly after abrupt elevation of ICP. There was no correlation between ICP and FVs, FVd or FVm separately. There was also no significant change in ICP after intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of PI as a parameter for the evaluation of patients with suspected ICP elevation.


RESUMO Antecedentes: O Doppler transcraniano (DTC) é uma técnica não invasiva para a avaliação da hemodinâmica cerebral, porém existem controvérsias na literatura sobre sua aplicabilidade preditiva em situações de elevada pressão intracraniana (PIC). Objetivo: Investigar o fluxo sanguíneo cerebral pelo DTC e correlacioná-lo com as variações da PIC na fase aguda da hipertensão intracraniana em modelo animal. Métodos: Dois grupos de animais (suínos) foram submetidos a hipertensão intracraniana secundária à indução de diferentes volumes de hematoma, por meio da insuflação de balão intracraniano controlado com 4 e 7 mL de solução salina fisiológica (grupos A e B, respectivamente). Em seguida, administrou-se infusão venosa de solução salina hipertônica (SSH 3%). Foram coletados os valores dos parâmetros de PIC e DTC (velocidade sistólica [FVs], diastólica [FVd] e média [FVm] do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral), bem como o índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Comparações entre os parâmetros do DTC e o monitoramento da PIC foram realizadas. Resultados: Vinte porcos foram estudados, dez no grupo A e dez no grupo B. Correlação significativa entre IP e PIC foi obtida, principalmente logo após a elevação abrupta da PIC. Não houve correlação entre PIC e FVs, FVd ou FVm separadamente. Também não houve alteração significativa na PIC após a infusão de SSH. Conclusões: Esses resultados demonstram o potencial do IP como um bom parâmetro para a avaliação de pacientes com suspeita de elevação da PIC.

2.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 38(1): e38113, 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1389679

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Cuanto más progreso en el conocimiento de la injuria encefálica aguda (IEA) irreversible y su potencial evolución a la muerte encefálica (ME), existirán más posibilidades de captación de donantes, con la consiguiente disminución de las listas de espera. A nuestro criterio, el médico intensivista deberá tener presente tal posibilidad cuando se enfrenta a víctimas de neuroinjuria independientemente de su etiología. Además, resulta imprescindible que conozca la fisiopatología del síndrome de ME y los pasos a seguir para la realización de un examen neurológico completo, exhaustivo y riguroso que lo confirme. Al día de hoy, existen dos conceptos de muerte según criterios neurológicos: muerte encefálica total' (MET) y muerte de troncoencéfalo (MT). Si bien ambas definiciones son aceptadas por la comunidad médica mundial, algunos países adoptan una u otra, recibiendo el marco legal correspondiente que lo avale. Debatiremos ambos conceptos, con la intención de intentar generar un concepto unificado y consensuado de ME.


Abstract: The greater the advance in terms of knowing about acute encephalic injury (AEI) and its potential evolution to encephalic death (ED), the higher the possibilities of finding donors, with the corresponding reduction of waiting lists. As we see it, intensivists must consider this possibility whenever they face victims of neuroinjury, regardless of its etiology. In addition to this, it is essential for them to know the pathophysiology of encephalic death syndrome, and the steps to be taken for a complete, thorough and strict neurologic exam. Today, there are two criteria to determine death according to neurologic criteria: "total brain death'' (MET) and ''brainstem death'' (MT). Despite the fact that both criteria are accepted by the global medical community, some countries adopt one or the other criteria, which defines the corresponding legal framework that supports it. We will debate both criteria, aiming to achieve a unified and agreed definition of brain death.


Resumo: Quanto mais avançarmos no conhecimento da lesão encefálica aguda irreversível (IEA) e sua evolução potencial para morte encefálica (ME), maiores serão as possibilidades de captação de doadores, com a consequente redução das listas de espera. Em nossa opinião, o médico intensivista deve ter essa possibilidade em mente ao lidar com vítimas de injúria neurológica, independentemente de sua etiologia. Também é essencial que conheça a fisiopatologia da síndrome de ME e as etapas a seguir para realizar um exame neurológico completo, exaustivo e rigoroso para confirmá-la. Até o momento, existem dois conceitos de morte segundo critérios neurológicos: "morte encefálica total" (MET) e "morte encefálica" (MT). Embora ambas as definições sejam aceitas pela comunidade médica mundial, alguns países adotam uma ou outra, recebendo o respectivo arcabouço legal para apoiá-la. Discutiremos ambos os conceitos, com o intuito de tentar gerar um conceito unificado e consensual de ME.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Brain Death , Reference Standards
3.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 30(2): 237-243, abr.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-959327

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A hiperatividade simpática paroxística representa uma complicação incomum, com potencial risco à vida, de lesões cerebrais graves, mais comumente de origem traumática. Seu diagnóstico clínico se baseia na manifestação recorrente de taquicardia, hipertensão, diaforese, taquipneia e, às vezes, febre, além de posturas distônicas. Os episódios podem ser induzidos por estímulos ou ocorrer de forma espontânea. É comum que ocorra subdiagnóstico desta síndrome, e o retardamento de seu reconhecimento pode aumentar a morbidade e a incapacidade em longo prazo. Evitar os desencadeantes e a farmacoterapia podem ter muito sucesso no controle desta complicação. A síndrome da embolia gordurosa é uma complicação rara, mas grave, das fraturas de ossos longos. Sinais neurológicos, petéquias hemorrágicas e insuficiência respiratória aguda são as características que constituem seu quadro clínico. O termo "embolia gordurosa cerebral" é estabelecido quando predomina o envolvimento neurológico. O diagnóstico é clínico, porém achados específicos de neuroimagem podem confirmá-lo. As manifestações neurológicas incluem diferentes graus de alteração da consciência, défices focais ou convulsões. Seu tratamento é de suporte, porém são possíveis desfechos favoráveis, mesmo nos casos com apresentação grave. Relatamos dois casos de hiperatividade simpática paroxística após embolia gordurosa cerebral, uma associação muito incomum.


ABSTRACT Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity represents an uncommon and potentially life-threatening complication of severe brain injuries, which are most commonly traumatic. This syndrome is a clinical diagnosis based on the recurrent occurrence of tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, tachypnea, and occasionally high fever and dystonic postures. The episodes may be induced by stimulation or may occur spontaneously. Underdiagnosis is common, and delayed recognition may increase morbidity and long-term disability. Trigger avoidance and pharmacological therapy can be very successful in controlling this complication. Fat embolism syndrome is a rare but serious complication of long bone fractures. Neurologic signs, petechial hemorrhages and acute respiratory failure constitute the characteristic presenting triad. The term cerebral fat embolism is used when the neurological involvement predominates. The diagnosis is clinical, but specific neuroimaging findings can be supportive. The neurologic manifestations include different degrees of alteration of consciousness, focal deficits or seizures. Management is supportive, but good outcomes are possible even in cases with very severe presentation. We report two cases of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after cerebral fat embolism, which is a very uncommon association.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Young Adult , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/etiology , Brain Injuries/complications , Embolism, Fat/complications , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Autonomic Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology , Syndrome , Tachycardia/etiology , Embolism, Fat/mortality , Tachypnea/etiology , Hypertension/etiology
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 73(10): 848-851, Oct. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-761546

ABSTRACT

Objective In certain situations, severe forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) show no response or continue to deteriorate after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) infusion. It is unclear what the best treatment option would be in these circumstances.Method This is a case report on patients with severe axonal GBS in whom a second cycle of IVIg was used.Results Three patients on mechanical ventilation who presented axonal variants of GBS, with autonomic dysfunction, bulbar impairment and Erasmus score > 6, showed no improvement after IVIg infusion of 400 mg/kg/d for 5 days. After 6 weeks, we started a second cycle of IVIg using the same doses and regimen as in the previous one. On average, 5 days after the second infusion, all the patients were weaned off mechanical ventilation and showed resolution of their blood pressure and heart rate fluctuations.Conclusions A second cycle of IVIg may be an option for treating severe forms of GBS.


Objetivo Em determinadas situações, as formas graves da síndrome de Guillain-Barré (GBS) não mostram resposta ou continuam a deteriorar após a infusão endovenosa de imunoglobulina (IVIg). Não está claro qual seria a melhor opção de tratamento nestas circunstâncias.Método Este é o relato de caso de pacientes com grave comprometimento axonal em GBS, nos quais um segundo ciclo de IVIg foi utilizado.Resultados Três pacientes em ventilação mecânica que apresentavam variantes de GBS com disfunção autonômica, comprometimento bulbar e valores de Erasmus > 6, não mostraram melhora após infusão de IVIg 400 mg/kg/d por 5 dias. Após 6 semanas, foi iniciado um segundo ciclo de IVIg utilizando as mesmas doses e esquema feitos previamente. Em média, após 5 dias da segunda infusão, todos os pacientes haviam sido retirados da ventilação mecânica e mostravam resolução de suas flutuações de pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca.Conclusões O segundo ciclo de IVIg pode ser uma alternativa para tratamento de formas graves de GBS.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/therapy , Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/administration & dosage , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Axons , Respiration, Artificial , Severity of Illness Index , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
6.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-152731

ABSTRACT

Bilateral thalamic infarct (BTI) represents an uncommon stroke presentation. Pathophysiology recognizes the occlusion of an anatomic variant of the thalamic blood supply from perforating branches of posterior cerebral arteries. Presentation could be nonspecific and dramatic in the same time, being coma or stupor the possible clinical scenario encountered. Diagnosis is performed by neuroradiological imaging showing the typical bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts. Literature lacks of evidence in very old patients, therefore we describe two cases of BTI occurred in octogenarians presenting unresponsive. BTI in very old patients presenting comatose should be taken in account as diagnostic possibility.

7.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-162125

ABSTRACT

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in acutely ill medical patients. VTE prophylaxis can be assured by pharmacological strategies and, when contraindicated, by non pharmacological measures, such as early mobilization, graduated compression stockings (GCS), intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) or inferior vena caval filters. Literature evidence on non pharmacological VTE prophylaxis lacks and guidelines are not standardized for hospitalized ill medical patients. Much recently randomized clinical trials in patients with stroke and other medical diseases, seem to increase doubts and reduce certainties in this context. In this review we provide information about non pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in acutely hospitalized ill medical patients.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Comorbidity , Critical Illness , Early Ambulation , Hemorrhage/prevention & control , Humans , Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Devices , Male , Middle Aged , Severity of Illness Index , Vena Cava Filters , Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control
8.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 71(9A): 627-639, set. 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687270

ABSTRACT

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission leading to generalized or localized muscle weakness due most frequently to the presence of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic motor end-plate. Myasthenic crisis (MC) is a complication of MG characterized by worsening muscle weakness, resulting in respiratory failure that requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. It also includes postsurgical patients, in whom exacerbation of muscle weakness from MG causes a delay in extubation. MC is a very important, serious, and reversible neurological emergency that affects 20–30% of the myasthenic patients, usually within the first year of illness and maybe the debut form of the disease. Most patients have a predisposing factor that triggers the crisis, generally an infection of the respiratory tract. Immunoglobulins, plasma exchange, and steroids are the cornerstones of immunotherapy. Today with the modern neurocritical care, mortality rate of MC is less than 5%.


Miastenia grave (MG) é um distúbio autoimune que afeta principalmente a transmissão neuromuscular, levando a fraqueza muscular generalizada ou localizada. É devida mais frequentemente à presença de auto-anticorpos anti-receptores de acetilcolina na fenda pós-sináptica da placa motora. A crise miastênica (CM) é uma complicação da MG caracterizada por piora da fraqueza muscular, resultando en falência respiratória, o que requer entubação endotraqueal e ventilação mecânica. Isto ocorre também em pacientes pós-cirúrgicos, em que há piora da fraqueza muscular devido à MG, causando um atraso na extubação. MC é uma emergência neurológica importante, séria e reversível que afeta 20–30% dos pacientes miastênicos, usualmente duranteo primeiro ano de enfermidade, podendo a crise miastênica ser a manifestação inicial da MG. A maioria dos pacientes tem fatores predisponentes que desencadeiam a crise, geralmente uma infecção do trato respiratório. Imunoglobulina, plasmaférese e esteróides são a pedra angular da imunoterapia. Hoje, dentro da terapia neurocrítica, a taxa de mortalidade na CM é menor que 5%.


Subject(s)
Humans , Myasthenia Gravis , Diagnosis, Differential , Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis , Myasthenia Gravis/physiopathology , Myasthenia Gravis/therapy , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 141(5): 616-625, mayo 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-684370

ABSTRACT

In patients with acute cerebral injury, polyuric states can potentially trigger, maintain and aggravate the primary neurological damage, due to hypovolemia, arterial hypotension and alterations of osmolarity. The true incidence of the condition in this population is unknown. A widely validated definition of polyuric state is lacking and its etiology is multifactorial. There are two principal classes of polyuria: a) aqueous polyuria with diabetes insipidus as the main cause; and b) osmotic polyuria in which sodium, glucose or ureaplay the main role. Polyuric states are in close association with disorders of water and sodium metabolism and with alterations in acid-base balance. A detailed analysis of the history, clinical picture and simple laboratory determinations in blood and urine, are required for an adequate assessment of these polyuric states. The problem must be faced with pathophysiological reasoning and a systematic and sequential approach, because each disorder needs a specific therapy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Brain Injuries/complications , Polyuria/diagnosis , Polyuria/therapy , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Polyuria/complications , Polyuria/physiopathology
10.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 70(2): 134-139, Feb. 2012. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612695

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine patterns of hyperglycemic (HG) control in acute stroke. METHODS: Anonymous survey through Internet questionnaire. Participants included Latin-American physicians specialized in neurocritical care. RESULTS: The response rate was 74 percent. HG definition varied widely. Fifty per cent considered it when values were >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Intravenous (IV) regular insulin was the drug of choice for HG correction. One fifth of the respondents expressed adherence to a protocol. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was used by 23 percent. Glucose levels were measured in all participants at admission. Routine laboratory test was the preferred method for monitoring. Reactive strips were more frequently used when monitoring was intensive. Most practitioners (56.7 percent) monitored glucose more than two times daily throughout the Intensive Care Unit stay. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability and heterogeneity in the management of elevated blood glucose during acute phase of stroke by the surveyed Latin-American physicians.


OBJETIVO: Determinar patrones de control de hiperglucemia (HG) en el ictus agudo. MÉTODOS: Encuesta anónima, mediante cuestionario vía Internet. Los participantes incluyan médicos latinoamericanos especializados en cuidados neurocríticos. RESULTADOS: Las encuestas fueron respondidas por el 74 por cento de los convocados. Las definiciones de hiperglucemia fueron variadas. El 50 por cento de los que respondieron consideran HG cuando glucemia >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Insulina regular intravenosa fue la droga de elección para su control. Solo la quinta parte de los encuestados manifestaron adherencia a un protocolo. El 23 por cento emplea el régimen insulínico intensivo (TII). Glucemia fue obtenida a la admisión a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UCI) por el total de los participantes. Test rutinario de laboratorio fue el método preferido para la monitorización. Tiras reactivas fueron utilizadas con mayor frecuencia cuando se aplicó monitoreo intensivo. El 56.7 por cento monitoriza glucemia más de dos veces al día durante la estadía en UCI. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una considerable variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el manejo de la hiperglucemia durante la fase aguda del ictus entre los médicos latinoamericanos encuestados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Glucose/analysis , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Stroke/blood , Acute Disease , Health Care Surveys , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units , Insulin/therapeutic use , Latin America , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors
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